Exchange 2010 uses the role-based architecture introduced with Exchange 2007. Server roles organize Exchange 2010 services and features into preset server configurations. Dividing Exchange features among server roles has several advantages.
Using the Microsoft Federation Gateway, Exchange 2010 allows organizations to work with external partners in a convenient and secure environment. These flexible cross-premises scenarios support federated message delivery, calendar sharing, and much more.
For a small or medium-sized company with a limited number of mailboxes, an administrator can install all required roles on one physical server. For a large enterprise with tens of thousands of mailboxes, an administrator can deploy each role on a separate server or multiple servers per role to provide better performance and fault tolerance.
Each server role only installs the binaries and services necessary to perform a specific feature set. Configuring a server with only one or two roles reduces memory, computer processing unit (CPU) and disk space requirements for the server. It also reduces the server’s attack surface.
Upgrades, patches, hot fixes and other server changes that could cause server outage can be isolated to one server role. This reduces maintenance downtime and impact to users. Administrators can install or uninstall roles on a server at any time.
Preset server configurations make installation easier by allowing the mail server to perform role-specific configuration tasks.