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Understanding IPv6
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Author
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Joseph Davies
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Pages
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544
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Disk
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1 Companion CD(s)
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Level
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Int/Adv
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Published
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11/13/2002
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ISBN
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9780735612457
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Price
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$29.99
To see this book's discounted price, select a reseller below.
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Index continued
N
name resolution
data packets, 319
DNS, 229-31, 268
Ftp.exe, 24
host name resolution, 378
ISATAP, 225, 286-87
Pathping utility, 35
Ping utility, 31-32
support for, 231-33
test lab, 427-28
Tracert utility, 33
NAT. See Network Address Translator
NAT editors, 5, 298
NCP (Network Control Protocol), 365
ND. See Neighbor Discovery
NDIS (Network Device Interface .Specification), 18, 356
NdisRequest( ) function, 203
neighbor, 11, 13
Neighbor Advertisement message
6over4, 275
address resolution, 174, 176-77
autoconfiguration process, 220
comparison, 197
Destination Address field, 182
duplicate address detection, 184
foreign links, 334
ICMPv6 message, 437
mobile nodes, 347
Neighbor Discovery, 142, 439
neighbor unreachability detection, 178-79, 181-82
Router flag, 166-67, 181
Solicited flag, 166-67, 178, 182
solicited-node address, 61
Source Address field (IPv6 header), 165-66
Source Link-Layer Address option, 164
structure, 165-68
Target Address field, 182
Target Link-Layer Address option, 143, 167, 172
tentative state, 218
neighbor cache
address resolution, 174
comparison, 197
entry states, 179-81
host sending algorithm, 195-96, 348-49
IPv6 routing process, 240
mobile node returning home, 347
moving between foreign links, 344
netsh interface ipv6 show neighbors, 41-42, 173-74
Override flag, 167
processing packets, 243
redirect function, 192
Neighbor Discovery (ND)
components, 123
features, 9, 13
foreign links, 334
global address, 221
initiating non-TCP-based communication, 337
IPv6 routing process, 239
messages, 156-72
mobile nodes, 340, 346
overview, 139-42
RFC 2461, 313
Neighbor Discovery options, 142-56, 438-39
Neighbor Discovery processes
6over4, 274
link-local addresses, 54-55
message exchanges for, 172-94
types, 140-41
Neighbor Solicitation message
6over4, 275
address resolution, 174-77
all nodes address, 60
autoconfiguration process, 220
comparison, 10, 197
duplicate address detection, 182-84
as ICMPv6 message, 437
mobile nodes, 339-40
as ND message, 142
ND options, 439
neighbor unreachability detection, 178-80, 182
Network Monitor example, 144
PROBE state, 180
retransmission, 186
Retransmission Timer field, 159, 161
solicited-node address, 61
Source Address field (IPv6 header), 163, 182
Source Link-Layer Address option, 143, 164, 172
structure, 162-65
Target Address field, 163-64, 167, 182, 220
tentative state, 218
neighbor unreachability detection
attaching to foreign link, 334
moving between foreign links, 344
as ND process, 141, 172, 178-82
Router Advertisement message, 161
router discovery, 186
Router flag, 167
Solicited flag, 166-67
.NET Framework, 28
.NET Server 2003 family
6to4 support, 280-83
address autoconfiguration, 224-28
address conversion support, 383
address selection rules, 233, 269
APIPA addresses, 55
application support, 23-28
architecture, 17-19
binding cache, 315
compatibility addresses, 263-64
conceptual host data structures, 173
configuring IPv6, 291
correspondent node support, 307
dead gateway detection, 181
dual IP layer, 266
dual stack architecture, 266
features, 19-23
forwarding multicast traffic, 206
getaddrinfo( ) flag support, 380
host sending algorithm, 197
host-to-host tunneling, 272
ICMPv6 error messages, 126
installing and configuring IPv6, 28
interface startup process, 227
IPSec for, 22
IPv4-compatible address, 273
IPv6 packets over WAN media, 365
IPv6 protocols, 221-23, 249
IPv6 routing table example, 237-39
ISATAP address, 284
ISATAP name resolution, 286-87
ISATAP router, 286
name resolution support, 231-33
NDIS layer, 356
NdisRequest() function, 203
Network Monitor example, 290-91
PMTU discovery process, 136
PortProxy, 296-98
proxying, 263
RFC 2472, 366
RFC index, 387-93
routing table, 235
static routing, 246, 253-57
unsupported APIs, 385 utilities, 29-43
Windows Sockets macro support, 385
NetBIOS. See Network Basic Input Output System
Net.exe utility, 25
netsh interface ipv6, 39-42
netsh interface ipv6 6to4, 42
netsh interface ipv6 6to4 context, 42, 283
netsh interface ipv6 6to4 set relay, 281
netsh interface ipv6 add dns, 21
netsh interface ipv6 add prefixpolicy, 23, 233, 269
netsh interface ipv6 add route, 22-23
netsh interface ipv6 add v6v4 tunnel, 272
netsh interface ipv6 delete prefixpolicy, 23, 233, 269
netsh interface ipv6 install, 28, 397
netsh interface ipv6 isatap, 42
netsh interface ipv6 isatap set router, 286-87, 292
netsh interface ipv6 set address, 227
netsh interface ipv6 set state 6over4=enabled, 276
netsh interface ipv6 set state v4compat=enabled, 273
netsh interface ipv6 set interface, 22-23, 253-54, 291
netsh interface ipv6 set prefixpolicy, 23
netsh interface ipv6 show prefixpolicy, 233, 269
netsh interface ipv6 set route, 22-23, 254-55, 291
netsh interface ipv6 show address, 40-41, 221, 225-26
netsh interface ipv6 show bindingcacheentries, 315
netsh interface ipv6 show destinationcache, 42, 173, 239
netsh interface ipv6 show interface, 33, 40, 238, 254
netsh interface ipv6 show neighbors, 41-42, 173-74, 240
netsh interface ipv6 show prefixpolicy, 23, 233, 269
netsh interface ipv6 show routes, 174, 237
netsh interface ipv6 show siteprefixes, 23
netsh interface portproxy, 43
netsh interface portproxy add v4tov4, 298
netsh interface portproxy add v4tov6, 298
netsh interface portproxy add v6tov4, 298
netsh interface portproxy add v6tov6, 298
netsh interface portproxy delete v4tov4, 298
netsh interface portproxy delete v4tov6, 298
netsh interface portproxy delete v6tov4, 298
netsh interface portproxy delete v6tov6, 298
netsh interface portproxy set v4tov4, 298
netsh interface portproxy set v4tov6, 298
netsh interface portproxy set v6tov4, 298
netsh interface portproxy set v6tov6, 298
Netsh.exe utility, 28, 39-43
Netstat.exe utility, 36-39
network. See also local area network; wide area network
defined, 11, 13
router scalability, 248
statistical multiplexing, 369
network adapters
6over4, 275
autoconfiguration process, 220
conversion example, 77
IEEE 802 addresses, 74-75
interfaces, 13, 227
IPv4 addresses, 62
IPv6 protocol, 18
IPv6 routing table example, 237-39
multicast traffic, 203-5
Neighbor Solicitation messages, 163
Prefix Information option, 221
Router Advertisement message, 158
Router Solicitation message example, 156
static routing example, 254-56
Network Address Translator (NAT), 1, 3-4, 6, 298
network bandwidth, 94-95, 125
Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS), 225, 231, 286-87
Network Connections, 18, 28, 233
Network Control Protocol (NCP), 365
Network Device Interface Specification (NDIS), 18, 356
network ID, 53-54, 249
network latency, 34
Network layer, 367, 389-91
Network Layer Protocol Identifier (NLPID) field, 368-70
Network Monitor
address autoconfiguration example, 226-27
address resolution example, 175-77
Destination Unreachable message example, 127
duplicate address detection examples, 183-85
Echo Reply message example, 133
Echo Request messages example, 132
Ethernet II encapsulation, 357-58
Fragment header example, 115-16
Home Address option example, 108-9
Hop-by-Hop Options header example, 101-2
IPv6 header example, 91-92
IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling example, 267-68
MTU option example, 151-52
Multicast Listener Report message example, 211-12
Neighbor Advertisement message example, 168
Neighbor Solicitation message example, 164-65
neighbor unreachability detection example, 178
.NET Server 2003 family support, 25
Packet Too Big message example, 128
Prefix Information option, 147-48
receiving multicast traffic, 205
Redirect message example, 170-71
Redirected Header option, 149
Router Advertisement message, 162, 289-91
router discovery examples, 188-91
Router Solicitation message, 157-58, 288
Routing header example, 112
Source Link-Layer Address option example, 144
network prefix
all-zeros network prefix, 67
LSAs, 249
ND message options, 142
remote network routes, 236
RIPng for IPv6, 250
router discovery, 186
routing tables, 235
static routing example, 253-57
subnetting for NLA IDs, 65-69
subnetting for SLA IDs, 70-73
network segment. See subnet
New Zone Wizard, 232
Next Header field
Authentication header, 117
Binding Update option, 103
chain of pointers, 97
comparison, 92
defined values, 435
Destination Options header, 102, 308-9
ESP header/trailer, 118
extension headers, 86, 96
forwarding IPv6 packets, 95
Fragment header, 112-13
fragmentation process, 114
Hop-by-Hop Options header, 97
host receiving algorithm, 351
ICMPv6 header, 124
IPv6 pseudo-header, 120
Network Monitor example, 101, 108-9
Next Header field values, 92
processing packets, 246
reassembly process, 116
Routing header, 110-11
structure, 91
next-hop determination
destination cache, 173
host, 174
IPv6 routing process, 240
IPv6 routing table example, 239
as ND process, 141
processing packets, 242
routing table, 173, 236
Next-Level Aggregation Identifier field, 53-54, 69, 277, 296, 399
NI_DGRAM, 381
NI_MAXHOST, 381
NI_MAXSERV, 381
NI_NAMEREQD, 381
NI_NOFQDN, 381
NI_NUMERICHOST, 381
NI_NUMERICSERV, 381
NLA ID field. See Next-Level Aggregation Identifier field
NLPID (Network Layer Protocol Identifier) field, 368-69
NO ENTRY EXISTS state, 179, 181
No Next Header value, 92
node. See also correspondent node; IPv6 node; IPv6/IPv4 node; mobile node
anycast addressing, 61
defined, 12
IPv4 nodes, 262-63, 265
IPv4-only node, 262-64, 268, 296-97, 299
IPv6-only node, 263-64, 268, 296-97, 299
link-local addresses, 55
Neighbor Advertisement message, 165
Neighbor Discovery, 139
neighbors, 13
solicited-node address, 60-61
Target Link-Layer Address option, 167
unicast addressing, 52
node ID, 53, 73
node-local scope, 59, 62-63
notation. See also colon hexadecimal notation
:: double colon notation, 22, 49-50, 232
alignment requirements, 99
CIDR notation, 50, 54
prefix length notation, 50, 81
NSAP address, 57-58
NUD. See neighbor unreachability detection
O
On-Link flag, 145, 220
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), 248, 251
Open Systems Interconnect (OSI), 57, 367
Option Length field, 98-99, 102-3, 106-8
Option Type field, 98-101, 103, 105-8
Options field (IPv4 header), 89, 94
Options field (IPv6 header), 98, 102
Organization Code field, 358-61, 363
Organization Unit field, 373
Organizational Unit Identifier (OUI), 283
OSI (Open Systems Interconnect), 57, 367
OSPF for IPv6, 250-52
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 248, 251
Other Stateful Configuration flag, 159-60, 219, 221
OUI (Organizational Unit Identifier), 283
Override (O) flag, 166-67, 185, 334, 347
P
packet. See also forwarding
anycast addressing, 51-52, 61
basic structure, 355
components, 2-4
correspondent nodes, 320-25
defined, 13
DNS traffic, 231 flow comparisons, 10
foreign links, 343
home address, 305
host receiving algorithm, 349-51
host sending algorithm, 195-97
host-to-router tunneling, 270
Identification field, 87-88
IPv4-mapped address, 264
IPv6 Helper service, 283
IPv6 hosts, 62
IPv6 mobility data structures, 316-30
IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling, 267
IPv6 router, 240-43
ISATAP router, 286
on LAN, 356-64
at link layer, 10
loopback address, 56
MLD structure, 207-8
mobile nodes, 319-20, 340, 347
multicast traffic, 203-6
neighbor unreachability detection, 141
over logical links, 12
over WAN media, 365
Pathping utility, 34
reachability, 178, 180
redirect function, 191, 193-94
router discovery examples, 187
router-to-host tunneling, 270
routing, 235
security, 8
static router support, 22
structure, 85-86
Target Address field, 169
tunneled packets, 329-30
unicast addresses, 51
on WAN, 364-73
Packet Assembler/Disassembler (PAD), 367
Packet layer, 367
Packet Layer Protocol (PLP), 367
packet switched network (PSN), 367
Packet Too Big message. See ICMPv6 Packet Too Big message
Packet Type Identifier field, 368
PAD (Packet Assembler/Disassembler), 367
Pad1 option, 99-100, 110, 436
Padding field, 118, 371, 373
Padding Length field, 118
PadN option, 100, 102, 109-10, 436
parameter discovery, 140, 275
Parameter Problem message. See ICMPv4 Parameter Problem message; ICMPv6 Parameter Problem message
path
host-to-host tunneling, 271
host-to-router tunneling, 270
path vector, 248-49, 252
router-to-host tunneling, 270
router-to-router tunneling, 269
path MTU
defined, 13, 135
destination cache, 173
fragmentation, 113, 115, 119
IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling, 267
Path MTU Discovery process, 119, 128, 135-37, 150
path vector, 248-49, 252
Pathping.exe utility, 34-36
Payload Length field
Authentication header, 117
comparison, 93
forwarding IPv6 packets, 95
Jumbo Payload option, 100
reassembly process, 116
specifics, 90-91
PDAs (personal data assistants), 14
PDNs (public data networks), 367, 369-70
PDU (protocol data unit), 13, 371. See also upper layer PDU
percentage of bandwidth, 125
period (.), 48
permanent virtual circuits (PVCs), 367, 369
personal data assistants (PDAs), 14
PF_INET6, 375
Physical layer, 367
PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast), 207
Ping utility, 31-33
Ping command, 273, 277, 285
Ping6.exe utility, xxxvi
PLP (Packet Layer Protocol), 367
Pointer field, 130
pointer records. See PTR (pointer) records
pointers
binding cache, 314-15
host sending algorithm, 348
Next Header field as, 96-97
point-to-point links
complementing the U/L bits, 76
moving between foreign links, 344
PPP encapsulation, 366
processing packets, 242-43
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
interface IDs, 74
IPv4 addresses, 78
IPv6 MTUs, 119
IPv6 packets, 364
as link-layer technology, 12
MRU, 119
.NET Server 2003 family, 18
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), 5, 269, 365-66
PORT command (FTP), 5, 298
PortProxy
Ftp.exe, 25
.NET Server 2003 family features, 20-21
netsh interface portproxy, 43
specifics, 296-98
Telnet traffic, 24
ports. See TCP ports; UDP ports
PPP. See Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
PPP encapsulation, 365-66, 369
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol), 5, 269, 365-66
Preamble field, 356-58, 360, 362-63
precedence, 87, 234
Preference field, 154
preferred lifetime
autoconfiguration, 218-19, 221
mobile nodes, 341
router advertisement, 292
router discovery, 186
static routing example, 254
Preferred Lifetime field, 145-47, 218, 221
preferred state, 218
prefix. See also format prefix (FP); network prefix
attaching to foreign link, 332-33
default routes, 236
interface identifier, 73
IPv6 routing table example, 238
ISATAP address, 284
mobile nodes, 345
prefix length, 50-51
processing packets, 243
routing domain confederations, 252
site prefixes, 23
solicited-node address, 60
specifics, 50-51
static routing example, 254-55
subnet mask, 50
subnets, 12
prefix discovery, 140, 275
Prefix field
Length field, 154
mobile node returning home, 346
Prefix Information option, 145, 147, 312-13, 316
Route Information option, 154-55
Router flag, 146
Prefix Information option
autoconfiguration, 220, 224
fields in, 406
interface startup process, 226
IPv6 mobility changes, 312-13
ISATAP and 6to4 example, 294
mobile nodes, 341, 346
as ND option type, 438
Preferred Lifetime field, 218, 221
Prefix field, 316
Router Advertisement message, 161, 171, 219, 254-56, 291, 439
structure, 144-48
Valid Lifetime field, 218, 221
Prefix Length field
binding cache, 314
Binding Update option, 104
Prefix field, 147, 155
Prefix Information option, 145
Route Information option, 154
prefix list
as conceptual host data structure, 173
host sending algorithm, 195-97
redirect function, 192
router discovery, 187
print sharing, 25
private address
address selection rules, 233, 269
comparison, 81
intranets, 3
IPv6 Helper service, 281-82
ISATAP addresses, 284
NATs, 5-6
network IDs, 54
site-local address equivalence, 55
PROBE state, 179, 180, 334, 344
promiscuous mode, 204-5
protocol data unit (PDU), 13, 371. See also upper layer PDU
Protocol field
comparison, 93
IPv4 encapsulation, 373-74
IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling, 266, 268
Next Header field equivalence, 91
PPP encapsulation, 365-66
reserved values, 92
specifics, 88
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) protocol, 207
pseudo-automatic configuration, 331-32, 415-16
pseudo-header, 119-20, 125
pseudo-interface
6over4 tunneling interfaces, 276-77
6to4 Tunneling Pseudo-Interface, 224, 234, 281, 295
Automatic Tunneling Pseudo-Interface, 224-26, 273, 284-85, 291-92
Loopback Pseudo-Interface, 225
PSN (packet switched network), 367
PTR (pointer) records, 11, 230, 233, 268, 299
public address (IPv4)
6over4, 275-76
6to4, 20, 277, 279-80
address selection rules, 233, 269
comparison, 81
global address equivalence, 52
IPv4-compatible address, 263, 272-73
IPv6 Helper service, 280-83
ISATAP addresses, 284
ISP granting, 3
NATs, 3, 5
temporary addresses, 79
United States, 14-15
public data networks (PDNs), 367, 369-70
PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 367, 369
Q
quad A record. See AAAA resource record
Quality of Service (QoS)
comparisons, 10
Flow Label field, 90
IPv4 limitations, 2
IPv6, 9, 395, 402
queries. See DNS queries
Question Type field, 230
R
RA. See Router Advertisement message
random number generation, 78
rate limiting, 125, 242
reachability. See also neighbor unreachability detection
IPv6 global addresses, 52
IPv6 mobility, 303
mobile node, 305
neighbor cache, 173
Neighbor Solicitation messages, 162
packets, 178, 180
Ping utility, 31
providing, 246
Reachable Time field, 161
REACHABLE state, 179-80, 344
Reachable Time field, 159, 161, 180
reassembly, 112, 116-18
receiving host algorithm, 349-53
receiving host algorithm flowchart, 353
receiving host process, 203-4, 243-47, 331
receiving host process flowchart, 247
recvfrom( ), 378
recvmsg( ), 378
redirect, 141, 172, 191-95, 347
Redirect message
comparison, 197
as ICMPv6 message, 437
mobile node returning home, 347
Neighbor Discovery, 142, 439
Network Monitor capture, 149
processing packets, 243
redirect function, 192-93
Redirected Header option, 148, 170, 172, 192
redirected packet information, 148-49
Route Information option, 155-56
structure, 168-71
Target Address field, 192
Target Link-Layer Address option, 143, 170, 172, 192
Redirected Header option
ND option, 148-49, 438
Redirect message, 170, 172, 192, 439
Refresh field, 107
Remote Procedure Call (RPC), 27
replay protection, 8, 117-18, 318
Res field, 53, 64, 399
Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP), 101
retransmission, 19, 315, 344
Retransmission Timer field, 159, 161, 181
reverse lookup, 230
reverse name resolution, 230
RFC 791, 1, 88, 94
RFC 1191, 137
RFC 1256, 186
RFC 1356, 364-65
RFC 1661, 365
RFC 1662, 365
RFC 1723, 250
RFC 1752, 262, 387
RFC 1771, 252
RFC 1809, 389
RFC 1812, 94
RFC 1828, 391
RFC 1829, 391
RFC 1881, 387
RFC 1886, 229-30, 388
RFC 1887, 387
RFC 1888, 58, 387
RFC 1924, 387
RFC 1981, 136, 389
RFC 2011, 26
RFC 2012, 26
RFC 2013, 26
RFC 2080, 250, 392
RFC 2185, 392
RFC 2236, 201
RFC 2283, 392
RFC 2292, 27, 385, 389
RFC 2328, 251
RFC 2373, 51-52, 58-62, 67, 74, 387
RFC 2374, 388
RFC 2375, 388
RFC 2401, 117, 391
RFC 2402, 117, 391
RFC 2403, 391
RFC 2404, 391
RFC 2406, 118, 391
RFC 2428, 388
RFC 2450, 388
RFC 2452, 389
RFC 2454, 389 RFC 2460, 89-90, 95-97, 100, 111, 116, 118, 389
RFC 2461, 142-43, 173-74, 180-81, 187, 312-13, 389, 438
RFC 2462, 220-21, 390
RFC 2463, 123-26, 131-32, 390
RFC 2464, 144, 356, 391
RFC 2465, 25, 390
RFC 2466, 25, 390
RFC 2467, 356, 362, 391
RFC 2470, 356, 360, 362, 391
RFC 2471, 388
RFC 2472, 74, 364-66, 391
RFC 2473, 391
RFC 2474, 87, 90, 390
RFC 2491, 369, 391
RFC 2492, 364, 392
RFC 2497, 356, 392
RFC 2507, 392
RFC 2508, 392
RFC 2509, 392
RFC 2526, 310, 388
RFC 2529, 264, 274, 393
RFC 2545, 252, 392
RFC 2553, 27, 385, 389
RFC 2590, 364, 369, 392
RFC 2675, 100, 390
RFC 2710, 201, 390
RFC 2711, 101, 208, 390
RFC 2732, 24, 388
RFC 2740, 251, 392
RFC 2767, 390
RFC 2772, 392
RFC 2851, 387
RFC 2858, 252
RFC 2874, 230, 388
RFC 2893, 262, 269, 272, 393
RFC 2894, 392
RFC 2921, 388
RFC 2928, 388
RFC 3019, 390
RFC 3041, 74, 78, 388
RFC 3053, 393
RFC 3056, 224, 264, 277, 393
RFC 3122, 390
RFC 3146, 392
RIP Next Generation (RIPng) for IPv6, 250
RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 248
RIPv2 protocol, 250
route cache. See destination cache
route determination process, 236-37
Route Information option
ND options, 153-56, 438
Router Advertisement message, 161, 172, 439
static routing example, 254-57
Route Lifetime field, 154-55
route print command, 29-30
Route utility, 29-30
router. See also ISATAP router
address autoconfiguration, 219
Advertisement Interval option, 152
binding cache, 314
communicating group membership, 206-7
correspondent nodes, 338
critical router loop, 94-96
Default Router Preference field, 160
defined, 11-12
determining network problems, 34
foreign links, 333
home agents, 146, 152, 305
home agents list, 316
Hop Limit field, 91, 142
intra-subnet router, 12
as IPv4-only node, 262
IPv6 addresses, 63
IPv6 optimization, 98
IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling, 267
link-layer address, 171
link-local addresses, 55
links, 12
loopback addresses, 56
migrating to IPv6, 299
MLD messages, 201, 206, 212
mobile nodes, 340
multicast support, 59, 202, 204-7
Neighbor Discovery, 140
neighboring node as, 178
nodes, 12
Preference field, 154
processing packets, 242-43
reassembly process, 116-17
redirect function, 191, 193-94, 347
Redirect message, 168
route usage, 246
Router Alert option, 101
router discovery, 186
Router flag, 167
Router Solicitation message, 156
routing table, 192
Scope field, 58
site-local addresses, 55
sites, 279
Source Link-Layer Address option, 157
Target Link-Layer Address option, 170
as unreachable neighbor, 181
Router Address (R) flag, 145-46, 313, 316
router advertisement
6over4, 276
6to4, 279
Advertisement Interval option, 313
advertising, 254
auto-configuring with, 28
configuring IPv6, 291
foreign links, 332-33
home agents list, 316
IPv6 Helper service, 281, 283
ISATAP and 6to4 example, 293
ISATAP host, 286
mobile nodes, 340-41, 345-46
Prefix Information option changes, 313
pseudo-automatic configuration, 331
Router Advertisement message changes, 312
site prefixes in, 23
static router support, 22
static routing example, 253
Router Advertisement message
address assignment, 78
Advertisement Interval option, 152, 161, 172, 313
Advertisement Lifetime field, 186
autoconfiguration, 217, 220, 224
Automatic Tunneling Pseudo-Interface, 225
comparison, 10, 197
configuring IPv6, 291
displaying command example, 225-26
fields in, 405-6
foreign links, 333-34, 342
Home Agent Information option, 152, 161, 172, 313
home agents list, 316 ICMPv4 router discovery, 186
as ICMPv6 message, 437
IPv6 Helper service, 282
IPv6 mobility changes, 312
IPv6 protocol, 221
IPv6 routing tables, 235, 238
ISATAP and 6to4 example, 294
Managed Address Configuration flag, 219, 221
mobile nodes, 341, 345
MTU field, 151
MTU option, 149, 151-52, 171
as ND message, 142
ND options, 171-72, 439
netsh interface ipv6 isatap set router, 287
Network Monitor, 147-48, 289-91
On-link flag, 145
Other Stateful Configuration flag, 219, 221
Prefix Information option, 144, 161, 171, 219
prefix list, 173
Reachable Time field, 159, 161, 180
Retransmission Timer field, 159, 161, 181
Route Information option, 153, 161, 172
router discovery, 187, 189-91
Router Lifetime field, 186, 316
routers using, 156
routing process, 246
Source Link-Layer Address option, 143, 157, 161, 171
stateful address configuration, 219
stateless address configuration, 219
static routing example, 254-56
structure, 158-62
valid state, 218
Router Alert option
Multicast Listener Report message example, 212
multicast traffic, 208
as option type, 110, 436
specifics, 101-2
router discovery
6over4, 274-75
address assignment via, 78
address autoconfiguration, 217
configuration through, 39
IPv6 routing table, 186-88
as ND process, 140, 172, 186-91
Router Discovery messages. See ICMPv4 Router Discovery messages
Router flag, 145-46, 166-67, 181
router forwarding process, 239-46
router forwarding process flowchart, 244-45
Router Lifetime field, 159-60, 186, 255, 316
Router (R) flag, 104
Router Solicitation message
address assignment, 78
autoconfiguration, 220, 225
Automatic Tunneling Pseudo- Interface, 292
comparison, 10, 197
foreign links, 332-33, 342
Home Address option, 309
as ICMPv6 message, 437
IPv6 protocol, 221
ISATAP and 6to4 example, 293-94
mobile nodes, 340, 345
as ND message, 142
ND options, 171, 439
netsh interface ipv6 isatap set router, 287
Network Monitor, 288
router discovery, 186-89
Source Link-Layer Address option, 143, 157, 171
structure, 156-58
router-to-host tunneling, 270-71, 274, 283
router-to-router tunneling, 269-70, 272, 277
routes
determination process, 236-37
host-to-router tunneling, 270
prefix example, 50
publishing, 254
RIPng for IPv6 operation, 250
router-to-host tunneling, 270
router-to-router tunneling, 270
types of, 238
routing. See hierarchical routing; IPv6 routing table
Routing header
binding maintenance packets, 321, 328-29
binding update packets, 318
chain of pointers, 97
correspondent nodes, 338-39
data packets, 320, 322-23
Destination Address field, 91
Destination Options header, 102 extension header order, 97
Home Agent Address Discovery Reply message, 312
host receiving algorithm, 349
host sending algorithm, 347-48
IPv6 mobility, 306-7
IPv6 routing process, 239
mobile nodes, 340-41
multicast addresses in, 58
Next Header field value, 92
non-TCP-based communication, 337-38
RFC 2460, 96
structure, 110-12
TCP connection, 336
Tracert utility, 34
Type 0 header, 111
as unfragmentable, 114
Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 248
routing loop, 129, 248, 257
routing protocols, 246-52
routing table. See IPv6 routing table
Routing Type 0 header, 111
Routing Type field, 111, 321-22, 328
RPC (Remote Procedure Call), 27
RS. See Router Solicitation message
RSVP (Resource ReSerVation Protocol), 101
S
SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly sublayer), 372
scalability
distance vectors, 249
dynamic and static routers, 246
LSAs, 249
RIPng for IPv6, 250
scope
address selection rules, 269
anycast addresses, 61
flooding LSAs, 251
Group ID field, 59
IPv6 multicast, 202
link-local addresses, 55
multicast addresses, 58
site-local addresses, 55
unicast addresses, 399
Scope field, 58-59, 435
scope ID. See zone ID
scoped address, 15, 51
security. See also Internet Protocol security
Authentication header, 117
binding updates, 318, 329
for file and print resources, 25
IPv4 limitations, 2
IPv6 deployment, 16
as IPv6 feature, 8
network layer, 391
security associations (SAs)
Authentication header, 117
ESP header/trailer, 118
IPSec in .NET Server 2003 family, 21
Ipsec6.exe utility, 43
Security Parameters Index (SPI) field, 117-18
Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) sublayer, 372
Segments Left field, 111, 321-22, 328
send( ), 378
sending host algorithm, 195-97, 347-50
sending host algorithm flowchart, 196, 350
sending host process
host sending algorithm, 347-50
IPv6 routing, 239-43
mobility support, 331
multicast packets, 202-3
sending host process flowchart, 241
sendmsg( ), 378
sendto( ), 378, 383
Sequence Number field
Authentication header, 117
Binding Acknowledgement option, 106
binding cache, 314
binding update list, 315
Binding Update option, 104
Echo Reply messages, 132-33
Echo Request messages, 131
ESP header, 118
Server Message Block (SMB) protocol, 25
signaling, 367-68
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), 25
site
defined, 53
6to4, 277
6to4 address, 264
6to4 router, 278
communications across, 280
IPv6 router, 279 Site Prefix flag, 145-46
Site Prefix Length field, 145-47
site prefix table, 23, 25, 146
site prefixes, 23
Site-Level Aggregation Identifier (SLA ID) field, 53, 56, 69-73, 282, 399
site-local address
address autoconfiguration, 224
address selection rules, 233, 269
comparison, 15, 81
DNS dynamic update, 232
DNS queries, 21
duplicate address detection examples, 183
Group ID field values, 59
IPv6 address space allocation, 47
IPv6 hosts, 62-63
IPv6 routing table example, 237-38
ISATAP host, 286
neighbor discovery process, 221
Ping utility, 33
redirect function examples, 192-93
scope, 399
static routing example, 254-56
Subnet ID, 56, 69-73
unicast address type, 55-56
SLA ID field. See Site-Level Aggregation Identifier field
slash (/), 50
SMB (Server Message Block), 25
SNAP. See Sub-Network Access Protocol
SNMP (Simple Network Management .Protocol), 25
sockaddr_in6, 376-77
sockaddr_storage, 377
Solicited flag, 166-67, 178, 182, 185
solicited-node address
address resolution example, 175
autoconfiguration process, 220
duplicate address detection examples, 183
foreign links, 334
INCOMPLETE state, 180
interface startup process, 227-28
IPv6 hosts, 62
IPv6 routers, 63
mapping example, 275
mobile nodes, 339-40, 346-47
Multicast Listener Report message, 210
Neighbor Solicitation message, 163, 165, 174
Prefix Information option, 221
as pseudo-unicast address, 400
specifics, 60-61
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 365, 371
Source Address field (IPv4 header)
6to4 address example, 279
comparison, 94
IPv6 Automatic Tunneling example, 273
ISATAP address, 285
ISATAP and 6to4 example, 292-96
pseudo-headers, 119
specifics, 89
Source Address field (IPv6 header)
6to4 address, 279
comparison, 94
Ethernet header/trailer, 356-57
FDDI encapsulation, 362-63
IEEE 802.3 SNAP encapsulation, 358-59
IEEE 802.5 SNAP encapsulation, 360-61
IPv6 Automatic Tunneling example, 273
IPv6 pseudo-header, 120
ISATAP address, 285
ISATAP and 6to4 example, 292-96
Multicast Listener Done message, 213
Multicast Listener Query message, 208
Multicast Listener Report message, 210
Neighbor Advertisement message, 165-66
Neighbor Solicitation message, 163, 182
processing packets, 243
reassembly process, 116
Redirect message, 168-69
Router Advertisement message, 158
Router Solicitation message example, 156
specifics, 91
unspecified address, 184
Source field, 266, 374
Source Link-Layer Address option
6over4, 275
address resolution, 174
duplicate address detection example, 184
load balancing, 161
mobile nodes, 346
as ND option type, 438
Neighbor Advertisement message, 164
Neighbor Solicitation message, 143, 164, 172, 439
Network Monitor example, 144 Router Advertisement message, 143, 157, 161, 171, 439
Router Solicitation message, 143, 157, 171, 439
structure, 142-44
Source Protocol Address field, 182
Source Quench message, 134, 404
source routing, 110
Source Service Access Point (SSAP) field, 358-61, 363, 373
special addresses (IPv6), 56
SPI (Security Parameters Index) field, 117
spoofing, 309
SSAP (Source Service Access Point) field, 358-61, 363, 373
STALE state, 179-81, 344
Start Delimiter field, 358-60
Starting Delimiter field, 360, 362-63
stateful address configuration
autoconfiguration, 140, 217, 219-20
DHCP, 2
interface IDs, 74
IPv6 mobility, 303
IPv6 support, 8, 221
Managed Address Configuration flag, 159, 221
Other Stateful Configuration flag, 160
site-local addresses, 56
stateless address configuration
autoconfiguration, 219
Autonomous flag, 146
IPv6 mobility, 303
IPv6 support, 8
Preferred Lifetime option, 146
Prefix field, 147
Router Advertisement message, 159, 171
router discovery, 186
site-local addresses, 56
temporary addresses, 79
static router support, 22, 246, 248, 253, 257
static routing, 246, 253-58, 272
statistical multiplexing, 369
Status field, 106
strict source routing, 110
subnet
accumulated costs, 251
broadcast addresses, 10
default routers, 160
defined, 11-12
directly attached network routes, 236
host-to-host tunneling, 271
IPv6 address space, 63-73
IPv6 feature, 7
IPv6 Helper service, 283
IPv6 routing table example, 237
ISATAP addresses, 285
MLD messages, 201, 206
multicast DNS, 21
multicast groups, 202
Multicast Listener Done message, 212-13
Multicast Listener Query message, 206
multicast traffic, 205
network problems, 34
as networks, 13
OSPF areas, 251
OSPF for IPv6, 251
receiving multicast traffic, 204
redirect function, 191
static routing example, 253-57
subnet identifiers, 46, 51
subnet mask, 51, 81
subnet prefixes, 62, 104
Subnet ID field, 56, 69-73
subnet route, 246
Subnet-Router anycast address, 62-63
subnetting for NLA IDs, 65-69
subnetting for SLA IDs, 69-73
subnetting for Subnet IDs, 69-73
Sub-Network Access Protocol (SNAP). See also IEEE 802.3 SNAP encapsulation
ATM, 372-73
FDDI, 362
IPv6 MTUs, 119
IPv6 packets, 356
SNAP header, 358, 360, 364
Sub-Options field, 104-5, 107-8
switched virtual circuits (SVCs), 367
Switched-56, 364
switching
ATM, 370
dead gateway detection, 181
Frame Relay, 369
LAN segments, 12
Layer 2 switches, 149-50, 204
SYN segment (TCP), 335-36, 338-40
SYN-ACK segment (TCP), 335-36, 338-40
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), 365, 371
Systems Management Server, 25, 205
T
Target Address field
Neighbor Advertisement message, 166-67, 182
Neighbor Solicitation message, 163-64, 167, 182, 220
Redirect message, 169-70, 192
Target Link-Layer Address option, 172
Target Link-Layer Address option
6over4, 275
address resolution, 174-75
communication to mobile node, 340
as ND option type, 438
Neighbor Advertisement message, 167, 172, 439
Override flag, 167
redirect example, 347
Redirect message, 170, 172, 192, 439
structure, 142-44
Target Protocol Address field, 182
T-Carrier, 364-65
TCP. See Transmission Control Protocol
TCP ACK (acknowledge) segment, 335-36, 338-40
TCP connection, 335-36, 338-40
TCP Connection Reset segment, 246, 352
TCP over IPv6, 35
TCP ports
BGP-4 messages, 252
distinguishing IP addresses, 3
file and print sharing, 25
host receiving algorithm, 352
IPv4 packets, 3
NAT editors, 5
port translation, 5
PortProxy, 298
processing packets, 246
TCP segments
chain of pointers, 97
fragmentation process, 114
host receiving algorithm, 351
initiating TCP connection, 335-36
processing packets, 246
upper-layer PDU, 86 TCP SYN (synchronize) segment, 335-36, 338-40
TCP SYN-ACK (synchronize-acknowledgement) segment, 335-36, 338-40
TCP/IP. See Internet Protocol (TCP/IP); Microsoft TCP/IP (version 6) protocol
Tcpip6.sys, 18, 266
Tcpip.sys, 18
TDI (Transport Driver Interface), 18
TDM (time-division multiplexing), 369, 371
Telnet.exe (Telnet client), 24
temporary address
anonymity, 20
DNS dynamic update, 232
interface identifiers, 21, 78-79
interface startup process, 227
RFC 3041, 74, 78
test lab, 433-34
tentative state, 218
test lab, 270, 419-34
Time Exceeded message. See ICMPv4 Time Exceeded message; ICMPv6 Time Exceeded message
time-division multiplexing (TDM), 369, 371
Time-to-Live (TTL) field
comparison, 93
critical router loop, 94
Hop Limit field equivalence, 91
Ping utility option, 32
specifics, 88
Tracert utility, 33
TLA ID field. See Top-Level Aggregation Identifier field
TLV (type-length-value) format, 98, 104-5, 142
Token Ring
IEEE 802 addresses, 74
IEEE 802.5 SNAP, 360-62
IPv6 MTUs, 119, 436
link-layer technology, 12
.NET Server 2003 family, 18
RFC 2470, 356
tokens, 364
Top-Level Aggregation Identifier (TLA ID) field
in global address, 69
IPv6 Internet sites, 54
specifics, 53 structure, 399
subnetting for NLA IDs, 64
Total Length field, 87, 94-95
Tracert utility, 33-35
Tracert6.exe utility, xxxvi
Traffic Class field
comparison, 93
Echo Request message, 92
prioritizing traffic, 9
QoS, 395, 402
specifics, 90
Transient (T) flag, 58
transition (IPv4 to IPv6), 262
translation
address to name, 381-82
address translation, 283
migrating to IPv6, 299
name to address, 378-81
NAT mapping, 4-5
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
dead gateway detection, 181
dual IP layer, 265
fragmentation process, 114
IPv4 QoS, 2
IPv6 MTU, 150
Netstat utility, 35
Next Header field, 91-92
Protocol field, 88
proxying, 296
pseudo-headers, 119
REACHABLE state, 180
Transport layer protocol, 12
upper-layer PDU, 86
Windows 2000 enhancements, 18-19
transparency, 306
Transport Driver Interface (TDI), 18
Transport layer, 12, 304, 319, 389
TTL field. See Time-to-Live field
tunnel endpoints
6over4, 275
automatic tunnels, 272
configured tunnels, 272
host-to-host tunneling, 271
host-to-router tunneling, 270
IPv4 encapsulation, 374
IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling, 266
router-to-host tunneling, 270
router-to-router tunneling, 269
Tunnel ID field, 5
tunneling. See also automatic tunneling
configurations for, 269-72
host receiving algorithm, 351
host-to-host tunneling, 271-72, 274, 283
host-to-router tunneling, 270-72, 274, 283
Internet draft, 393
IPv6 over IPv4 tunneling, 265-71, 373-74
IPv6 over IPv6 tunneling, 325, 338-39, 341
ISATAP routers, 285
non-TCP-based communication, 337-38
router-to-host tunneling, 270
router-to-router tunneling, 270
types of tunnels, 272-73
Type field
Advertisement Interval option, 152
Destination Unreachable message, 126
Echo Reply messages, 132
Echo Request message, 131
Home Agent Address Discovery Reply message, 311
Home Agent Address Discovery Request message, 310-11
Home Agent Information option, 153
ICMPv6 header, 124-25
MTU option, 150-51
Multicast Listener Done message, 213
Multicast Listener Query message, 209
Multicast Listener Report message, 210-11
ND options, 142-43
Neighbor Advertisement message, 166
Neighbor Solicitation message, 163
Packet Too Big message, 128
Parameter Problem message, 130
Prefix Information option, 145
Redirect message, 169
Redirected Header option, 148
Route Information option, 154
Router Advertisement message, 159
Router Solicitation message, 157
Source/Target Link-Layer Address option, 144
Type of Service (TOS) field, 2, 87, 90, 122
type-length-value (TLV) format, 98, 104-5, 142
U
UDP. See User Datagram Protocol
UDP over IPv6, 35
UDP ports
address mapping, 4
host receiving algorithm, 352
IP addresses, 3
NAT editors, 5
processing packets, 246
UI frame, 366
U/L (Universal/Local) bit, 75-77
UNC (Universal Naming Convention), 25
unicast address
6over4, 274
6over4 address, 264
Echo Reply messages, 132
format prefix, 398
gratuitous ARP, 182
Internet address classes, 46
IPv6 addresses, 62
IPv6 nodes, 47
IPv6 routers, 63
IPv6 types, 51-58
ISATAP addresses, 284
Multicast Listener Report message, 210
multicast traffic, 204
nodes, 52
prefixes, 50-51
processing packets, 242
router discovery, 187
scope, 399
solicited-node address, 61
Unique Identifier sub-option, 105, 107
Universal Naming Convention (UNC), 25
universal resource locator (URL), 203
Universal/Local (U/L) bit, 75-77
unnumbered information (UI) frame, 366
unspecified address
attaching to foreign link, 333
comparison, 80
duplicate address detection, 182, 184
foreign links, 342
interface startup process, 227
mobile nodes, 345
Multicast Listener Query message, 210
Multicast Listener Report message, 210
Neighbor Solicitation message, 163-64
router discovery, 187, 189
Router Solicitation message, 156
Source/Target Link-Layer Address options, 143
special IPv6 address, 56 upper layer checksums, 119-20
Upper Layer Packet Length field, 120
upper layer PDU
binding update, 318
data confidentiality for, 117
as fragmentable, 114
host receiving algorithm, 351
IPv6 pseudo-header, 120
Next Header field, 91
OSPF messages, 251
packets, 86, 246, 320, 322-24, 330
in payload, 355
Payload Length field, 90
PortProxy, 298
upper layer protocol
binding maintenance, 321
data packets, 320
defined, 12
DELAY state, 180
Destination Unreachable message, 126
DSAP field, 361
dual IP layer, 265
EtherType field, 359
Frame Relay reliance on, 369
host receiving algorithm, 351
IPv6 mobility, 310
IPv6 pseudo-header, 120
neighbor unreachability detection, 179
payload fragmentation, 119
Protocol field, 88
REACHABLE state, 180
SSAP field, 363
URL (universal resource locator), 203
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Destination Unreachable, 127
dual IP layer, 265
fragmentation, 113, 115
host receiving algorithm, 351
IPv4 QoS, 2
Netstat utility, 35
Next Header field, 91-92
NI_DGRAM, 381
processing packets, 246
Protocol field, 88
pseudo-headers, 119
Tcpip6.sys implementation of, 18
Transport layer protocol, 12
upper-layer PDU, 86
User to User Indication field, 371-73
utilities
Ipconfig utility, 29-30
Ipsec6.exe utility, 21, 43
IPv6 command line, 39-43
IPv6 enabled, 28-39
Ipv6.exe, xxxvi
Net.exe utility, 25
Netsh.exe utility, 28, 39-43
Netstat.exe utility, 36-39
Pathping utility, 34-36
Ping utility, 31-33
Ping6.exe, xxxvi
Route utility, 29-30
Tracert utility, 33-35
Tracert6.exe, xxxvi
V
valid lifetime
autoconfiguration, 218-19, 221
mobile nodes, 340-41
router advertisement, 292
router discovery, 186
static routing example, 253
Valid Lifetime field, 145-46, 218, 221
valid state, 218
Value field, 143-44
variables, global, 378
VCC (virtual channel connection), 372
Version field (IPv4 header), 86, 93
Version field (IPv6 header)
comparison, 93
critical router loop, 94
packets, 95, 242-43
specifics, 90
virtual channel connection (VCC), 372
virtual circuits. See also permanent virtual circuits; switched virtual circuits
ATM null encapsulation, 372
DLCI, 370
Logical Channel Number field, 367
virtual mobile node, 305, 324
W
WAN. See wide area network
Web browsers, 23
Web server, 24-25
Web sites
IETF IPv6 Working Group, 393
IETF NGTrans Working Group, 393
IPv6 Next Header field values, 92
Microsoft Developer Network, 375
permanently assigned multicast addresses, 59
RFCs and Internet drafts, 393
wide area network (WAN)
ATM, 370
dynamic routing, 246
examples, 12
IPv6 MTUs for, 119, 436
IPv6 packets on, 355, 364-73
wildcard address, 377-78
Win32 Internet Extensions (WinInet), 27
Windows 98, 55
Windows 2000
APIPA addresses, 55
Network Monitor, 25
TCP enhancements, 18-19
Windows 2000 Server, 232
Windows Internet Name Service (WINS), 231
Windows Me (Millennium Edition), 55
Windows Media Services, 25
Windows .NET Server 2003 family. See .NET Server 2003 family
Windows NT 4.0, 18
Windows operating system, 43
Windows Sockets
API changes for IPv6, 375-86
APIs, 27
IPv6 multicast support, 203
migrating to IPv6, 299
RFCs and Internet drafts, 389
Tcpip6.sys, 18, 266
Windows XP
6to4 support, 280-83
address conversion support, 383
address selection rules, 233, 269
APIPA addresses, 55
APIs, 385
autoconfiguration, 221-28
binding cache, 315
compatibility addresses, 263-64
configuring IPv6, 291
correspondent node support, 307
dead gateway detection, 181
dual IP layer, 266 dual stack architecture, 266
getaddrinfo( ) flag support, 380
host sending algorithm, 197
host-to-host tunneling, 272
ICMPv6 error messages, 126
interface startup process, 226-27
IPv4-compatible address, 273
IPv6 packets over WAN media, 365
IPv6 routing protocols, 248
IPv6 routing table example, 237-39
ISATAP address, 284
ISATAP name resolution, 286-87
ISATAP router, 286
multicast traffic, 206
name resolution support, 231-33
NDIS layer, 356
NdisRequest( ) function, 203
Network Monitor example, 290-91
PMTU discovery process, 136
proxying, 263
RFC index, 387-93
routing table, 235
static routing, 248, 253-58
tunnels, 272
Windows Sockets macro support, 385
WinInet (Win32 Internet Extensions), 27
Wininet.dll, 23
WINS record, 287
Winsock. See Windows Sockets
wizards, 232
X
X.3, 367
X.21, 367
X.25 encapsulation
IPv6 MTUs, 119, 436
IPv6 packets, 364, 367-69
RFC 1356, 365
X.28, 367
X.29, 367
XML (Extensible Markup Language), 28
Z
zero compression. See compressing zeros
zero suppression, 48, 64, 81
zone ID, 33, 377
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Last Updated: October 28, 2002
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