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ALS A+ Certification, Third Edition
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Author
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Microsoft Corporation
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Pages
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832
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Disk
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N/A
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Level
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Beg/Int
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Published
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12/18/2001
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ISBN
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9780735615410
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Index
A
abacus, 2
ABC (Atansoff-Berry Computer), first digital computer, 4
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), 154–155
access speeds
CD-ROM/DVD drives, 227
RAM and, 122–123
AC/DC converters, 612
ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface), 310
AC power
overview of, 610–611
safety and, 626
testing with multimeter, 613
AC ripple, 614
AC testers, 614
active-matrix displays
overview of, 268
portable computers and, 303–304
active memory, defined, 120
active partitions, defined, 208
actuator arms, 192–193
adapter cards
CD-ROM/DVD drives, 225
SCSI drives, 249
Add New Hardware Wizard, CD-ROM/DVD installation, 230
address bus
CPUs and, 47–48
first generation Pentiums and, 60–61
microprocessors and, 50
processing components and, 31
address/request, parity protected, 64
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), 310
Advanced Power Management(APM), 310
Advanced Server, Windows NT, 380
Advanced tab, CMOS setup, 106
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), 233, 236
Advanced Technology Attachment/Common Access Method (ATA/CAM), 197–198
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port), 154–155
ALU (arithmetic logic unit), microprocessor design and, 44
AMD
CPU development by, 62
as Intel competitor, 62
American Megatrends (AMI)
BIOS market dominance by, 104
BIOS setup program of, 105
POST beep codes, 113
American Standard Code for Informa-tion Interchange (ASCII)
computer codes and, 45
information transfer protocols, 350
overview of, 17
printers and, 285
tables for, 18–19
AMI. See American Megatrends (AMI)
analytical engine, computer development and, 3
antistatic devices, 625–626
APM (Advanced PowerManagement), 310
application logs, 484
arithmetic logic unit (ALU), microprocessor design and, 44
ASCII code. See American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
asynchronous communication
overview of, 342
using parity bits for errordetection, 343
ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment), 233
ATA/CAM (Advanced Technology Attachment/Common Access Method), 197–198
ATA/DMA drives, 238
Atansoff-Berry Computer (ABC), first digital computer, 4
AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI)
disk drives and, 234
EIDE upgrades and, 235
AT command, 353
AT power supplies
AT motherboard connections, 80–82
overview of, 78
ATX power supplies
ATX motherboard connections,82–83
overview of, 78
audio capability
audio out cable, 229
CD-ROM/DVD drives, 226
autodetection, CMOS, 202–203
AUTOEXEC.BAT
CD-ROM/DVD installation and, 229–230
commands for, 395
CONFIG.SYS and, 460–461
DOS boot sequence and, 373–374
overview of, 393
Windows Me and, 584
automated tasks, maintenance, 516
Award BIOS
market dominance by, 104
setup program for, 105
B
backslash, use of, 392
backups
file backups, 530–533
file backups, planning, 530–531
file backups, setting policies,531–532
file backups, utilities for, 532–533
registry backups, 534–535
system state backups, 533–534
types of, 530–531
Windows installation and, 421
Backup Wizard, 533
bandwidth
cable specification and, 325
defined, 261
troubleshooting reductions in, 328
banks, memory chips and, 126
basic input/output system. See BIOS (basic input/output system)
batch files
creating, 389
renaming, 390–391
Windows installation and, 421
batteries
CMOS, 109–110
lithium ion batteries, 308
portable computers and, 309
processing components and, 31
types of, 308
baud rate
defined, 336
modems, 348
BBS (bulletin board system), 337
beep codes, POST test, 112–113
Bell commands, 352
binary notation, 13–16
bits/bytes and, 13
computer codes and, 45
counting in, 14–15
defined, 13
hexadecimal code and, 134–135
parallel and serial devices and, 16
system of, 14
BIOS (basic input/output system).See also ROM (read-only memory) BIOS
8.4-GB barrier, 237
32-bit access, 241–242
classes of, 101–102
CMOS setup procedures for,103–109
defined, 101
determining manufacturer of, 104
EIDE drive installation and, 239
shadow RAM and, 139–140
Windows 2000 initialization phase and, 456, 470
Windows installation and, 420
Bi-Tronics, parallel printer cables, 171
bits
binary notation and, 13
bps defined, 337
defined, 349
value of, 13
blackouts, defined, 86
blocks, defined, 398
bootable floppy disks (boot disks)
creating, 205
defined, 398
software tools and, 503–504
boot drive, Windows 2000, 470–471
BOOT.INI files, 470, 471
BOOTLOG.inc files, 434, 463–464
boot partitions
corrupted information and, 215
defined, 208
boot process. See also dual booting
DOS, 373–374
operating systems and, 370
Windows 98, 455–461
Windows 98, BIOS initialization phase, 456
Windows 98, hardware and real-mode driver loading phase, 456–458
Windows 98, loading CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT,460–461
Windows 98, protected mode initialization phase, 461
Windows 98, using MSDOS.SYS for custom configurations, 458–460
Windows 2000, 470–472
boot sector, 206, 398
bootstrap loading process, Windows 2000, 470–471
bottlenecks, defined, 328
bps (bits per second)
defined, 337
modem speed and, 348
branch directories, 386
branch predictions, 60
branch target buffer (BTB), 63
bridges, function of, 327
brownouts, 86
browsers
defined, 337
overview of, 357
BTB (branch target buffer), 63
bulletin board system (BBS), 337
burst mode, 153
bus cycle
defined, 122
memory configuration and, 125–126
bus mastering, 153
bus system. See also expansion buses
address bus, 31, 47–48
data bus, 31
Dual Independent Busarchitecture, 64
function of, 20–21
bus topology
Ethernet and, 325–326
overview of, 318
bytes, 13
C
cables, 170–175
CD-ROM/DVD drives, 228–229
floppy disk drives, 183–184
FPDs, 268–269
hard disk drives, 199–200
identifying, 174
Internet connections, 360–361
keyboards, 173–174
monitors, 264, 278
networks, 322–325
null modems, 173
parallel printers, 170–172
SCSI drives, 173, 249–250
serial ports, 172–173
summary of, 175
troubleshooting, 174–175, 278
cache bus, Pentium II, 64
cache memory
defined, 130–131
microprocessor development, 50
overview of, 550
Pentium processors, 60–61, 62
static RAM (SRAM), 131
types of memory and, 130–133
capacitors, 620
carrier rings, 57
Carrier Sense Multiple Accesswith Collision Detection(CSMA/CD), 325
cascading, devices, 163
case, computer, 36, 94–96
case sensitivity, 392
cathode-ray tubes (CRTs)
cleaning, 264
comparing with FPDs, 267
costs of, 261
overview of, 258–260
CCITT (Comité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique)
overview of, 353
rates designated by, 349
speed standards of, 348
CCS (Common Command Set),SCSI-2, 244
CD (Change Directory) test, 388
CD-ROM/DVD drives, 222–232
access time, 227
advantages of, 222–223
audio capability, 226
CD recorders and, 34
connecting, 225–226
development of, 222–223
DVD formats, 225
input components for, 30
multimedia and, 231
portable computers and, 306
standards, 223
summary, 253–255
technology of, 224
video-capture software, 231–232
CD-ROM/DVD drives, installing
controller cards, 228
internal drives, 228–229
overview of, 227
software setup, 229
Windows 3.x and, 229–230
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Me and, 230
Windows NT, Windows 2000 and, 230–231
CD-R technology, 224
central processing units (CPUs), 39–75
address bus, 47–48
clock speeds, 45–46, 58–59
codes for, 45
components of, 30–31
design of, 44
external data bus, 40–41
heat sinks and fans, 59
history of, 43
illustration of, 26
installing, 69–72
integrated circuits on, 43
memory and, 47–48
microprocessor design and, 44
overview of, 27–28
portable computers and, 56–57, 304–305
real mode vs. protected mode,53–54
recommended for Windows,415–416
SIMMs and, 58
summary, 73–75
terminology of, 42–49
transistors for, 42–43
upgrading, 68–72, 552–553
use of registers by, 44
virtual memory and, 53
working of, 49–50
central processing units (CPUs),types of
IBM PC AT, 52–53
Intel 386SX, 55–56
Intel 486SX, 58–59
Intel 80286, 52–53
Intel 80386, 54–55
Intel 80486, 57
Intel 8086 and 8088, 50–52
Intel Pentiums, Celeron models,65–66
Intel Pentiums, competitors, 62
Intel Pentiums, on-board cache, 62
Intel Pentiums, overview, 59–61
Intel Pentiums, Pentium II, 63–64
Intel Pentiums, Pentium III, 66
Intel Pentiums, Pentium MMX, 63
Intel Pentiums, Pentium Pro, 62–63
Intel Pentiums, superscalar technology, 61–62
Intel Pentiums, Xeon line, 66
Motorola, 66–67
Certified Novell Administrator(CNA), 328
Certified Novell Engineer (CNE), 328
CGA (Color/Graphics Adapter)card, 270
Check Upgrade Only mode, Windows 2000 Professional, 421
chip sets
modems and, 340–341
overview of, 99–100
processing components and, 30
CHS values
advanced disk drives and, 236
early hard disk drives and, 235
EIDE drives and, 239
overview of, 196
cleaning kit, 517–518
clean install, defined, 420–421
client relations, 596–602
customer service, 599–602
customer service, difficult clients and coworkers, 600–601
customer service, problem escalation, 601
customer service, reports and logs, 599–600
customer service, support calls, 599–600
documentation and, 596–597
levels of support, 597–598
spare parts, 598
standardizing equipment, 598–599
clocks, processors
cycles of, 45
developments in speed of, 55
doubling, 58–59
first generation Pentiums and, 60
microprocessor development and, 50
overview of, 46
processing components and, 31
superscalar technology and, 61–62
clones, defined, 52
clusters
defined, 398
hard disk drive installation and, 209
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor), 103–109
accessing BIOS programs, 105–109
batteries, 109–111
clock, 110
errors, 214
installing hard disk drives, 200–204
maintaining, 109
nonvolatile memory and, 120
power supply failures and, 616
settings for floppy disk drives, 185
typical setup for updating, 104–105
updateable chips and, 102–103
updating, 103–109
virus checker, 107
CNA (Certified NovellAdministrator), 328
CNE (Certified Novell Engineer), 328
coaxial cables, 323–324
coils (inductors), 623
cold boot, 374
color
depth of, 271–272
display adapters and, 272–274
Color/Graphics Adapter (CGA)card, 270
Colossus I, first digital computers, 4
Comité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique. See CCITT (Comité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique)
COMMAND.COM program, 373–374
Command Mode, system start up in, 577–578
command prompt
COMMAND command, 381–383
DOS and, 372
DS mode navigation and, 386–388
Edit (text editor), 391–393
external, 384, 386
HELP command, 383
internal, 384–385
PATH command, 388–391
PROMPT command, 383–384
summary and review, 406–408
Common Command Set (CCS),SCSI-2, 244
common mode failures, networks, 328
common-mode noise, 247
communication, electronic. See electronic communication
Communications Port (COM1) Properties dialog box, 341
compact installation, defined, 430
compatibility mode. See real mode
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor. See CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)
COM ports
COM1, 341
overview of, 167–168
compression
data, 352
disk compression, 211–212
computer cards, 302
computer cases, 36, 94–96
computer maintenance. See maintenance
Computer Management icon, 482–483
Computer Management snap-in,581–582
computers, development of, 1–10
abacus, 2
ABC (Atansoff-Berry Computer), first digital computer, 4
analytical engine andpre-electronics, 3
digital electronic computers, 4–7
first electrically driven, 3
role of computer service professionals, 8
summary, 9–10
computers, disassemble/reassemble, 541–545
disassembling, 544
preparation for, 542–543
reassembling, 545
tools and components, 543
computer service professionals, 8
CONFIG.SYS, 393
AUTOEXEC.BAT and, 395,460–461
CD-ROM/DVD installation,229–230
commands for, 394
DOS boot sequence and, 373–374
EIDE installation, 240
overview of, 393
Windows Me and, 584
configuration sheet, for system, 547
connections
Internet, 360–361
LANs, 315–316
overview of, 314
WANs, 316
connectivity, errors, 214–215
connectors, 170–175. See also cables
floppy disk drives, 184
identifying, 174
keyboards, 173–174
null modems, 173
parallel printers, 170–172
SCSI devices, 173, 249–250
serial ports, 172–173
summary of, 175
troubleshooting, 174–175
USB devices, 157
connectors, power supplies, 80–84
AT motherboards, 80–82
ATX motherboards, 82–83
extenders, 84
mini connectors, 84
mini plugs, 84
molex connectors, 83
splitters, 84
continuity, testing, 615
controller cards
CD-ROM/DVD drives, 228
EIDE drives, 238–239
memory and, 122
Control Panel, 476–481
accessing, 482
introduction to, 474
modifying Registry, 488–489
updating Registry, 491
working with System Properties icon, 477–481
control unit (CU), microprocessor design, 44
conventional memory, defined, 137
cooling. See fans
core chips, BIOS, 101–102
coronas, laser printers and, 291–292
costs
comparing CRTs and FPDs, 267
CRT picture area, 261
display systems, 277
ink-jet cartridges, 289
multimedia cards, 274
printers, 285
SCSI, 248
CRTs. See cathode-ray tubes (CRTs)
crystal speed, clocks, 46
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection), 325
CU (control unit), microprocessor design, 44
cursor, defined, 392
customer service, 599–602
difficult clients and coworkers,600–601
problem escalation, 601
reports and logs, 599–600
support calls, 599–600
custom installation, defined, 430
cylinders
CHS values and, 196
hard disk drives and, 194–195, 235
Cyrix, CPUs, 62
D
data buses. See expansion buses; external data bus
data compression, 352
data-flow analysis
defined, 63
Pentium IIs and, 64
Data Link Control (DLC)protocol, 327
data, storing
advantages of CDs, 223
CD-ROM technology for, 224
hard disk drives and, 191
hard disk drives vs. CD-ROMs, 224
upgrading Windows and, 416–417
data transfer, DMA mode, 237
data transfer rate
CD-ROM/DVD access time, 227
early hard disk drives, 234
noise and, 247
SCSI-2, 245
troubleshooting in networks, 328
date calculations, 46
DC power
overview of, 612
testing voltage, 615
DDO (Dynamic Drive Overlay) software, 240
DEFRAG command, 211
defragmentation
Disk Defragmenter, 528–530
Disk Defragmenter, accessing, 529
Disk Defragmenter, function of, 528–529
Disk Defragmenter, scheduling, 529–530
hard disk drives, installationand, 211
operating systems and, 370
troubleshooting networks, 328
degaussing, monitors, 263–264
depth value, memory capacity and, 127
DETCRASH.LOG, 434
DETLOG.inc, 434–435
Device Driver dialog box, 560
device drivers
CD-ROM/DVD, 229–230
defined, 111
displays, display adapters and,275–276
displays, improper image formation and, 264
displays, troubleshooting, 278
hard disk drives, 519
interrupt requests and, 162
laser printers, 292
loading, 111–112
usable memory and, 141
Windows 95, 98, Me, 230
Windows 2000, 437, 471–472
device management, 370
Device Manager
Control Panel and, 478–481
troubleshooting displaysystems, 278
troubleshooting with, 584–585
DIB (Dual Independent Bus) architecture, Pentium II, 64
differential diagnosis, 575–577
operational issues, 576
overview, 575–576
shutdown issues, 576–577
startup issues, 576
digital communication, modemsand, 341
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), connecting to Internet, 360
digital volt-ohm meter (DVOM).See multimeter
DIME (Direct Memory Execute), 155
DIMMs. See dual inline memory modules (DIMMs)
diodes, 620–621
DIP. See dual in-line package (DIP)
DIP switches, setting I/Oaddresses, 161
DIR command, 386–388
Direct Memory Access (DMA). See also Ultra DMA drives
ATA/DMA drives, 238
data transfer modes, 237
managing, 167
setting channels, 166
Direct Memory Execute (DIME), 155
directories
CD (Change Directory) test, 388
defined, 392
DS mode navigation and, 386–388
of MD (Make Directory) test, 387
setting up Windows 98 for installation, 429
disassembly, computers, 544, 563
Disk Cleanup wizards, cleaning up old files, 527
disk compression, 211–212
Disk Defragmenter, 528–530
accessing, 529
function of, 528–529
scheduling, 529–530
disk drives. See by type
Disk Management snap-in, Windows 2000, 485–486
display adapters, 270–276
advanced display systems and, 272
evolution of, 270–272
high color, true color, photo-realism and multimedia displays,272–274
troubleshooting, 278
video memory and, 274–276
display coprocessors, 271–272
display drivers
display adapters and, 275–276
improper image formation and, 264
troubleshooting, 278
Display Power Management Signaling (DPMS), 262
Display Properties dialog box, 482
display systems
advanced, 272
basic operation of, 258–261
choosing, 262, 277–278
FPDs, 266–269
FPDs, comparing with CRTs,266–267
FPDs, installing and maintaining, 268–269
FPDs, technology of, 268
FPDs, types of LCD displays,267–268
high color, true color, photorealism, and multimedia displays,272–274
monitors, 257–265
monitors, basic operation of,258–261
monitors, considerations in choosing, 262
monitors, high voltage hazardsand, 511
monitors, maintenance of, 264–265
monitors, output components overview, 32
monitors, power-saving featuresof, 262
monitors, preventativemaintenance, 519
monitors, safety and, 626
monitors, tuning, 262–264
screens, active-matrix, 303–304
screens, dual-scan, 303
screens, portable computers, 303
summary and review, 280–282
troubleshooting, 278–279
video memory and, 274–276
DLC (Data Link Control)protocol, 327
DMA. See Direct MemoryAccess (DMA)
DNS (domain name system), 360
docking ports, 301
documentation
client relations and, 596–597
computer assembly/disassembly and, 542
software tools and, 505
troubleshooting and, 572
domain name system (DNS), 360
DOS mode. See also MS-DOS
boot sequence, 373–374
command prompt, 373
file system, 374–375
navigation and file management, 386–388
summary, 406–408
support for, 453
terminology of, 392–393
understanding, 372–375
DOS prompt, 392
dot-matrix printers
maintaining, 520
overview of, 287–288
dot pitch, 261
download, defined, 337
DPMS (Display Power Management Signaling) modes, 262
DRAM. See dynamic RAM (DRAM)
drive pointers, 392
drivers. See also device drivers
operating systems, 559–560
real-mode driver loading phase, 456–461
drives. See by type
drums, laser printers
cleaning and charging, 293
photosensitivity of, 291
transferring toner to, 293
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), connecting to Internet, 360
DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency), 337
dual booting. See also boot process
defined, 398
Windows installation and, 419–420
Dual Independent Bus (DIB) architecture, Pentium II, 64
dual inline memory modules (DIMMs)
adding memory and, 126
formats, 550
overview of, 130
dual in-line package (DIP)
core chips and, 102
protected vs. real modes and, 52, 54
switches for setting I/Oaddresses, 161
dual-scan displays, 303
Dual Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF), 337
duplexing, printers, 286
duty cycle, defined, 285
DVD drives. See CD-ROM/DVD drives
DVD-RAM/RW format, 225
DVD-R format, 225
DVD-ROM format, 225
DVD video format, 225
DVOM. See multimeter
Dynamic Drive Overlay (DDO) software, 240
dynamic execution, defined, 63
dynamic RAM (DRAM). See also random access memory (RAM)
adding memory and, 126
comparing costs of SRAM with, 131
defined, 121
display coprocessors and, 271–272
purchasing, 127
SIPPs and, 124
E
ECC. See error-correctioncoding (ECC)
ECP (Extended Capabilities Port), parallel printers, 171
Edit (text editor), using, 391–393
EDO RAM (extended data out random access memory), 274–275, 550
EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) card, 270–271
EIDE drives. See also IDE/EIDE (Integrated Device Electronics) hard disk drives
advanced hard disk drives, 235
connecting CD-ROM/DVD drives with, 226
DVD technology and, 224
early limitations of, 233–235
installing, 238–241
overview of, 233–234
portable computers and, 306
upgrading, 235
EISA (extended ISA), 151–152
ELDs (electroluminescentdisplays), 268
electricity vs. electrical energy, 608
electroluminescent displays(ELDs), 268
electromagnetic interference (EMI), 94
electron guns, 258
electronic communication, 11–24
ASCII code for, 17–19
asynchronous, 342
binary math terms for, 13–16
computer bus system and, 20–21
digital, 341
early forms of, 12–13
laser printing and, 292–293
modems and, 339–340, 352–353
networks and, 314
protocols for, 342
summary, 22–24
synchronous, 342
electronic components, 619–623
capacitors, 620
fuses, 619–620
inductors (coils), 623
rectifiers and diodes, 620–621
transformers, 622
transistors, 621–622
electronic mail. See e-mail(electronic mail)
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), first digital computers, 4
electrostatic discharge (ESD), 624–626
causes of, 624
damage caused by, 624–625
handling CPUs and, 72
handling SIMMs and, 125, 128
modem installation and, 346
power hazards and, 510
preventing, 625–626
summary, 629
e-mail (electronic mail)
computer maintenance and, 506
overview of, 358–359
embedded servo, low-level formatting, 204–205
emergency repair disk (ERD)
creating and updating, 504
files on, 536
functions of, 537
updating, 536
Windows 2000/NT and, 444,536–537
EMI (electromagnetic interference), 94
emissions, CRTs and FPDs, 267
EMS (Expanded Memory Specification), 137–138
encryption, 398
end-of-file (EOF) marker, 398
Enhanced CHS translation, 236
Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) card, 270–271
Enhanced IDE (EIDE). SeeEIDE drives
Enhanced Parallel Port (EPP), 171
Enhanced Print Troubleshooter (EPTS), 593
Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI) drives, 197
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), first digital computers, 4
environmental issues
computer requirements, 517
safety and, 513–514
EOF (end-of-file) marker, 398
EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port), 171
EPTS (Enhanced Print Troubleshooter), 593
equipment, standardizing, 598–599
erase lamp, laser printers and, 292
ERD. See emergency repairdisk (ERD)
ergonomics, comparing CRTs and FPDs, 267
error-correction coding (ECC)
memory and, 122
Pentium II developments and, 64
errors
floppy disk drives, 186
getting error message details, 577
hard disk drives, 213–216
isolating problems, 115
messages, 392
modems, 352
operating systems, 370
POST codes, 114
SIMMs, 130
using Xmodem, 350
ESD. See electrostatic discharge (ESD)
ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface) drives, 197
Ethernet
cables, 323
LAN communication and, 325–326
networks, 318
even parity, 343
Events Log, 445
Event Viewer snap-in, 484
Expanded Memory Specification (EMS), 137–138
expansion, SCSI hard disk drives, 245
expansion buses, 148–158
accelerated graphics port, 154–155
development of, 148–149
extended ISA, 151–152
function of, 40
IEEE 1394 Firewire High-Performance SerialInterface, 156
industry standard architecture,149–150
micro channel architecture, 150–151
Peripheral Component Interconnect, 153–154
processing components and, 31
Universal Serial Bus, 156–157
VESA local bus, 152–153
expansion cards, configuring, 159–169
COM and Ports, 167–168
DMA, 166–167
installing, 169
I/O addresses, characteristics of, 159–161
I/O addresses, managing, 161–162
I/O addresses, setting, 161
IRQs, 162–165
expansion cards, upgrading, 553–557
non-Plug and Play, 555–557
Plug and Play, 557
questions to ask, 554
steps in adding, 555
expansion slots. See expansion buses
Extended Capabilities Port (ECP), parallel printers, 171
extended data out random access memory (EDO RAM), 274–275, 550
eXtended Graphics Array (XGA), 273
extended ISA (EISA), 151–152
extended memory specification (XMS), 137
extended partitions, 206–207
eXtended Technology (XT), IBM, 52
extenders, defined, 84
external cache (L2), 132
external commands, 384–386
external data bus
first generation Pentiums and, 60–61
microprocessor development and, 50
overview of, 40–41
parts of, 149
processing components and, 31
external modems
analog, 343–344
installing, 347
F
F8 key, SCSI devices, 247
fans
computer cases and, 95
CPU development and, 59
Fast ATA, 236
fast page-mode RAM (FPM RAM), 274
FAT (file allocation table), 208–210, 400–403
defined, 398
file attributes on, 403
file system security, 402–403
file system size limitations, 402–403
NTFS and, 401–402
overview of, 208–209
sectors and clusters, 209
workings of, 210
FAT16
comparing FAT32 with, 400–401
installing Windows using, 422
utilities, 505
FAT32
comparing FAT16 with, 400–401
disk compression and, 210–212
installing Windows using, 422
using, 210
utilities, 505
fatal errors, power-on self test(POST), 114
fax modem
overview of, 346
speeds, 349
fdisk utility
installing Windows, 422–424
partitioning with, 206–209
fiberoptic cables, 324
file allocation table. See FAT (file allocation table)
file backups, 530–533
planning, 530–531
setting policies, 531–532
utilities for, 532–533
file formats, 398
file handle, 398
file locking, 398
filenames
defined, 392, 398
LFN support for Windows 98,455–456
filespecs, 392
file systems, 397–405
basics of, 397–399
comparing and choosing, 399–402
defining files, 398
DOS-based, 374–375
FAT-based, 400
managing, 370
security of, 403–405
size limitations of, 402–403
summary, 405–408
Windows 98, 452
Windows 2000, 442
Windows NT, 401–402
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 350, 359
fire hazards, 512–513
extinguishers for, 513
preventing, 512
firewalls, 360–361
Firewire, expansion buses and, 156
firmware. See BIOS (basic input/output system)
fixed disks, 191
flash BIOS, 101
flash ROM, 101
flat-panel displays (FPDs), 266–269
choosing, 277–278
comparing with CRTs, 266–267
installing and maintaining, 268–269
LCD displays and, 267–268
portable computers and, 300
technologies of, 268
flip-flop circuits, 131
floating-point unit (FPU),Pentium II, 64
floppy disk drives, 182–189
basics of, 182–185
errors with, 186–188
I/O devices and, 33
preventative maintenance of,519–520
problems with, 185–186
replacing, 188
summary, 216–218
floppy disks
creating bootable, 205
installing Windows 2000 with,438–439
flux reversals, 191
FM (frequency modulation), 191
folders, defined, 398
fonts, printers and, 285
formatting
defined, 208, 398
high-level, 208
low-level, 204–205
using FORMAT command, 204
FPDs. See flat-panel displays (FPDs)
FPM RAM (fast page-modeRAM), 274
FPU (floating-point unit),Pentium II, 64
fragmentation. See also defragmentation
installing hard disk drives and, 211
troubleshooting networks, 328
frequency modulation (FM), 191
FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 350, 359
full-duplex jack, 346
fuser rollers, laser printers, 292
fuses, 619–620
G
gateways, 327
GBs (gigabytes), 13
GDI (Graphical Device Interface), 451
General tab, System Properties,478–479
geometry, hard disk drives,193–196, 203
ghosting, 296
gigabytes (GBs), 13
Graphical Device Interface (GDI), 451
graphics, evaluating printers and, 284
graphics adapters, 416. See also display adapters
grounds, electrical
defined, 611
power hazards and, 511–512
H
HAL (hardware abstraction layer), 467
half-duplex jack, 346
handheld computers, 301
handshaking, communicationdevices, 351
hand tools, maintenance with, 502–503
hard disk drives, 190–216
actuator arms, 192–193
comparing with CD-ROMS for data storage, 224
data storage, 191–192
geometry of, 193–196
I/O devices and, 33
partitions, installingWindows 2000, 442
partitions, preparing for Windows installation and, 422–424
physical characteristics of, 190–191
portable computers, 306
preventative maintenance, 519
summary of, 216–218
types of, 196–198
hard disk drives, advanced, 233–242
breaking 8.4-GB barrier, 237–238
breaking 528-MB barrier, 235–237
early limitations of, 233–235
EIDE drives, installing, 238–241
EIDE drives, upgrading, 235
FAT32, 241–242
multiple block reads, 241
summary of, 253–255
Ultra DMA drives, 237–238
hard disk drives, installing
cabling for, 199–200
CMOS setup, 200–204
disk compression, 211
file allocation tables, 208–210
fragmentation, 211
high-level formatting, 208
low-level formatting, 204–205
maintaining, 212–215
overview, 198–199
partitioning, 205–208
sectors and clusters, 209
hard disk drives, upgrading, 557–559
IDE drive, 557–559
questions to ask, 557
hardware
cleaning, 517–518
compatibility, comparing Windows systems, 415–416
compatibility, Windows 2000, 437
flow control, 351
loading phase, 456–461
troubleshooting Windows 2000 installation, 444
hardware abstraction layer (HAL), 467
hardware acceleration. See display coprocessors
HDI (head-to-disk interference), 193
head crash, 193
heads
528-MB limit and, 235
actuator arms, 192–193
CHS values and, 196
hard disk drives and, 194
head-to-disk interference (HDI), 193
heat sinks, CPUs, 59
HELP command, 383–384
hertz, defined, 78
hexadecimal code
I/O addresses and, 161
memory mapping using, 134–135
high-level formatting, hard diskdrives, 208
high memory area (HMA), extended memory and, 138
High Sierra specification (ISO 9660 standard), CD-ROM/DVD, 226
HIMEM.SYS, 138–138
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, 487
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG,487–488
HKEY_CURRENT_USER, 487
HKEY_DYN_DATA, 488
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, 487
HKEY_USERS, 487
HMA (high memory area), extended memory and, 138
horizontal refresh rates, monitors, 259
HTML (Hypertext MarkupLanguage), 357
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 357, 359
I
IBM
development of AT (Advanced Technology), 52–53
development of MCA (micro channel architecture), 150–151
development of XT (eXtended Technology), IBM, 52
early features of, 52
ISA design problems and, 150
IC. See integrated circuits (IC)
IDE/EIDE (Integrated Device Electronics) hard disk drives
autodetection, 202–203
cabling requirements for, 199–200
comparing with SCSI, 246
early limitations of, 233
incompatibility with some CD-R technologies, 224
installing, 557–559
installing CD-ROMs and, 229
low-level formatting and, 204
overview of, 197–198, 233–234
sound cards with CD-ROM controllers and, 226
IDENTIFY DRIVE command, CMOS, 202–203
IEEE
1284 printer modes, 171
1394 Firewire High-Performance Serial Interface, 156
printer cabling standards of, 170
image formation
improper, 264
monitors and, 259
inductors (coils), 623
industry standard architecture (ISA)
comparing EISA with, 151–152
expansion buses and, 149–150
information transfer protocols, modems, 350–351
initialization (.ini) files,Windows 3x, 475
ink-jet printers
overview of, 288–290
preventative maintenance, 520–521
input
components for, 29–30
illustration of, 26
overview of, 27–28
input/output (I/O) devices
limitations of early hard disk drives and, 233
microprocessor design and, 44
output overview, 33–34
input/output (I/O) manager, Windows 98, 451
Input/Output Read (IOR) wire, 159
Input/Output Write (IOW) wire, 159
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). See IEEE
instruction pipeline, 61
INT (interrupt) wire, 162
INTA (interrupt acknowledge), 162
integrated circuits (IC)
CPU and, 43
defined, 40
notebook computers and, 301
Integrated Device Electronics. See IDE/EIDE (Integrated Device Electronics) hard disk drives
Integrated Services Digital Network. See ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
Intel microprocessors
4004, 43
8008, 43
80286, 52–53
80386, 54–55
80386SX, 55–56
80486, 57
80486SX, 58–59
8080, 43
8086, 50–52
8088, 50–52, 270
Celeron, 65–66
competitors and, 62
development of, 50
Pentium, Xeon line, 66
Pentium 75, 61
Pentium III, 66
Pentium Pro, 62
internal caches (L1)
first generation Pentiums and, 60–61
memory and, 131
microprocessor development and, 50
internal commands, 384–386
internal modems. See modems
International Organization for Standardization (ISO),223–224, 226
Internet, 356–365
browsers, 357
defined, 337
DNS and, 360
electronic mail (e-mail), 358–359
FTP and, 359
getting connected, 360–361
IP addresses, 359
ISPs, 359
overview of, 356
summary, 363–365
TCP/IP and, 359
troubleshooting with ping utility, 361–362
URLs, 359
Web sites, 357
Windows 98 features, 412
Windows Me features, 412
World Wide Web and, 357. see also Internet
Internet Protocol. See IP (Internet Protocol)
Internet server, 337
Internet service provider. See ISP (Internet service provider)
Interprocess Communications (IPC) Manager, Windows 2000, 468
interrupt acknowledge (INTA), 162
interrupt requests. See IRQs
interrupt (INT) wire, 162
I/O addresses
EIDE upgrades and, 235
managing, 161–162
overview of, 159
setting, 161
standard PC I/O assignments,160–161
IOCHRDY, setting up PIO mode, 241
I/O devices. See input/output (I/O) devices
I/O (input/output) manager,Windows 98, 451
IOR (Input/Output Read) wire, 159
IO.SYS program, 373–374
IOW (Input/Output Write) wire, 159
IP (Internet Protocol)
addresses, 359
defined, 337
IPC (Interprocess Communications) Manager, Windows 2000, 468
IRQs
drive settings, 241
EIDE upgrades and, 235
expansion cards, 162–165
overview of, 162–164
preventing conflicts, 168
setting, 165
typical assignments, 165
ISA. See industry standard architecture (ISA)
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
connecting to Internet with, 360
defined, 337
terminal adapters and, 336, 343–344
ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 223–224, 226
ISP (Internet service provider)
connecting to Internet with, 361
defined, 337
overview of, 359
J
jacks, types of, 345–346
jumper settings
computer upgrades and, 556
installing CD-ROM on IDE style drive, 229
installing hard disk drives, 200
I/O addresses, 161
K
KBs (kilobytes), 13
Kermit protocol, 351
kernel mode
Windows 98, 451
Windows 2000, 467, 469
keyboards
cables for, 173–174
input components and, 29
portable computers and, 307
preventative maintenance of, 520
key groups, 486
keystone, monitor adjustmentsand, 263
kilobytes (KBs), 13
kilohertz, 78
Knowledge Base, 507, 577
L
L1 cache. See internal caches (L1)
landing zone, 196
lands, CD-ROM technology, 224
landscape, printing, 285
LANs (local area networks)
benefits of, 315–316
bus topology, 318
communication over, 325–326
Device Manager and, 479
extending, 327
ring topology, 318–319
star topology, 317
laptops
CPU development and, 56–57
overview of, 300–301
laser printers
components of, 290–292
laser beam of, 291
mechanics of, 292–295
preventative maintenance, 521
troubleshooting problems of,295–296
LBA translation standards. See Logical Block Addressing (LBA)
LCD displays
flat-panel displays and, 267–268
laptops and, 300
portable computers and, 303
LCHS (logical cylinders, heads, and sectors), 236
LEDs (light-emitting diode)displays, 267
LFN (long filename support), 455–456
LIF (low-insertion-force) socket,69–70
light-emitting diode (LED)displays, 267
line print terminal port (LPT),168, 285
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). See LCD displays
lithium ion batteries, 308
local area networks. See LANs (local area networks)
logging on, defined, 337
Logical Block Addressing (LBA)
EIDE drives, 235, 239
overview of, 236
logical cylinders, heads, and sectors (LCHS), 236
logical drives
defined, 203
partitioning and, 205–206
logical unit numbers (LUNs),SCSI, 251
logic circuits, laser printers and,290–291
logs
application logs, 484
customer service, 599–600
Events Log, 445
security log, 484
Setupact log, 445
Setup log files, 434–435
long filename support (LFN), 455–456
low-insertion-force (LIF) socket,69–70
low-level formatting
defined, 398
installing hard disk drives and,204–205
LPT (line print terminal port) ports, 168, 285
LUNs (logical unit numbers),SCSI, 251
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Last Updated: Friday, July 6, 2001 |
