1.0Microsoft Researchhttps://www.microsoft.com/en-us/researchRustan Leinohttps://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/people/leino/rich600338<blockquote class="wp-embedded-content" data-secret="V7tHHbe9c4"><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/verification-equivalent-results-methods/">Verification of Equivalent-Results Methods</a></blockquote><iframe sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" src="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/verification-equivalent-results-methods/embed/#?secret=V7tHHbe9c4" width="600" height="338" title="“Verification of Equivalent-Results Methods” — Microsoft Research" data-secret="V7tHHbe9c4" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" class="wp-embedded-content"></iframe><script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(d,l){"use strict";l.querySelector&&d.addEventListener&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&(d.wp=d.wp||{},d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage||(d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage=function(e){var t=e.data;if((t||t.secret||t.message||t.value)&&!/[^a-zA-Z0-9]/.test(t.secret)){for(var s,r,n,a=l.querySelectorAll('iframe[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),o=l.querySelectorAll('blockquote[data-secret="'+t.secret+'"]'),c=new RegExp("^https?:$","i"),i=0;i<o.length;i++)o[i].style.display="none";for(i=0;i<a.length;i++)s=a[i],e.source===s.contentWindow&&(s.removeAttribute("style"),"height"===t.message?(1e3<(r=parseInt(t.value,10))?r=1e3:~~r<200&&(r=200),s.height=r):"link"===t.message&&(r=new URL(s.getAttribute("src")),n=new URL(t.value),c.test(n.protocol))&&n.host===r.host&&l.activeElement===s&&(d.top.location.href=t.value))}},d.addEventListener("message",d.wp.receiveEmbedMessage,!1),l.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){for(var e,t,s=l.querySelectorAll("iframe.wp-embedded-content"),r=0;r<s.length;r++)(t=(e=s[r]).getAttribute("data-secret"))||(t=Math.random().toString(36).substring(2,12),e.src+="#?secret="+t,e.setAttribute("data-secret",t)),e.contentWindow.postMessage({message:"ready",secret:t},"*")},!1)))}(window,document); //# sourceURL=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min.js /* ]]> */ </script> Methods that query the state of a data structure often return identical or equivalent values as long as the data structure does not change. Program verification depends on this fact, but it has been difficult to specify and verify such equivalent-results methods and their callers. This paper presents an encoding from which one can determine […]