Efforts to mitigate CO2 emissions in China are central to achieving global carbon neutrality. In this Perspective, we compile bottom-up and top-down estimates to provide a comprehensive regional carbon budget for China between 1970 and 2024. This framework closes the regional budget by explicitly accounting for lateral fluxes with rivers and trade, while also separately tracking avoided emissions (termed scope 4) to assess progress towards net zero. In 2024, China\u2019s regional CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes were 11.64\u2009\u00b1\u20091.71\u2009Gt per year, which were partially offset by land carbon sinks (0.86\u2009\u00b1\u20090.33 Gt per year) and land-use change sinks (0.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05 Gt per year). Marginal-sea sinks accounted for 0.05 \u00b1 0.09 Gt per year but are not considered to offset fossil-fuel emissions. Between 2019 and 2023, scope 4 emissions averaged about 2.87 Gt CO2 per year but are projected to cumulatively avoid 163 Gt CO2 between 2025 and 2060 owing to fossil fuel replacement and efficiency improvements, which will reduce emissions to about 1.6 Gt CO2 per year by 2060. Although natural sinks and anthropogenic carbonation sinks have the potential to remove about 1.7 Gt CO2 per year, their long-term stability is uncertain and so gigaton-scale deployment of negative-emission technologies and enhanced mineral carbonation are needed to ensure carbon neutrality. Future research should prioritize improved measuring, reporting and verification of regional carbon budget components to better inform China\u2019s strategies towards net zero.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Efforts to mitigate CO2 emissions in China are central to achieving global carbon neutrality. In this Perspective, we compile bottom-up and top-down estimates to provide a comprehensive regional carbon budget for China between 1970 and 2024. 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