{"id":625254,"date":"2020-04-14T12:00:04","date_gmt":"2020-04-14T19:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/?page_id=625254"},"modified":"2025-11-13T13:11:25","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T21:11:25","slug":"microsoft-research-emeritus-program","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/microsoft-research-emeritus-program\/","title":{"rendered":"Microsoft Research Emeritus Program"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-cover alignfull is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"720\" class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-627159\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Emeritus-program_header_11_2019_1920x720-5df298a00152a.png\" style=\"object-position:51% 53%\" data-object-fit=\"cover\" data-object-position=\"51% 53%\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Emeritus-program_header_11_2019_1920x720-5df298a00152a.png 1920w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Emeritus-program_header_11_2019_1920x720-5df298a00152a-300x113.png 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Emeritus-program_header_11_2019_1920x720-5df298a00152a-1024x384.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Emeritus-program_header_11_2019_1920x720-5df298a00152a-768x288.png 768w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Emeritus-program_header_11_2019_1920x720-5df298a00152a-1536x576.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Emeritus-program_header_11_2019_1920x720-5df298a00152a-1600x600.png 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-background-dim-0 has-background-dim\"><\/span><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\" aria-hidden=\"true\">01010100 01101111 00100000 01100101 01111000 01110000 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 01110100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01110011 01110100 01100001 01110100 01100101 00100000 01101111 01100110 00100000 01110100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01100001 01110010 01110100 00101100 00100000 01110010 01100001 01110000 01101001 01100100 01101100 01111001 00100000 01100110 01101001 01100101 01101100 01100100 00100000 01101001 01101110 01101110 01101111 01110110 01100001 01110100 01101001 01101111 01101110 01110011 00101100 00100000 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 01100011 01101111 01101110 01110100 01110010 01101001 01100010 01110101 01110100 01100101 00100000 01100100 01100101 01100101 01110000 01101100 01111001 00100000 01110100 01101111 00100000 01110100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01110110 01101001 01100010 01110010 01100001 01101110 01100011 01111001 00100000 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 01100110 01110101 01110100 01110101 01110010 01100101 00100000 01101111 01100110 00100000 01101111 01110101 01110010 00100000 01101111 01110010 01100111 01100001 01101110 01101001 01111010 01100001 01110100 01101001 01101111 01101110 00100000 01100001 01101110 01100100 00100000 01110100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01110111 01101111 01110010 01101100 01100100<br><br> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"microsoft-research-emeritus-program\">Microsoft Research Emeritus Program<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The Microsoft Research Emeritus title honors these researchers for their lasting and notable contributions with regards to expanding the state of the art, rapidly fielding innovations, and contributing deeply to the vibrancy and future of our organization and the world. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"meet-our-microsoft-research-emeriti\">Meet our Microsoft Research Emeriti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/panandan\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/P.Anandan_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: P. Anandan\" class=\"wp-image-643830\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/P.Anandan_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/P.Anandan_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/P.Anandan_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/P.Anandan_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/panandan\/\">P. Anandan<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/gbell\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Gordon_Bell_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Gordon Bell\" class=\"wp-image-637053\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Gordon_Bell_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Gordon_Bell_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Gordon_Bell_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Gordon_Bell_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/gbell\/\">Gordon Bell<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/ablake\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Andrew-Blake_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Andrew Blake\" class=\"wp-image-636714\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Andrew-Blake_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Andrew-Blake_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Andrew-Blake_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Andrew-Blake_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/ablake\/\">Andrew Blake<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/borgs\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Christian-Borgs_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Christian Borgs\" class=\"wp-image-637071\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Christian-Borgs_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Christian-Borgs_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Christian-Borgs_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Christian-Borgs_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/borgs\/\">Christian Borgs<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/jchayes\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Lab-director_Montreal-NE-NYC_Jennifer-Chayes.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Jennifer Chayes\" class=\"wp-image-591313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Lab-director_Montreal-NE-NYC_Jennifer-Chayes.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Lab-director_Montreal-NE-NYC_Jennifer-Chayes-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Lab-director_Montreal-NE-NYC_Jennifer-Chayes-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Lab-director_Montreal-NE-NYC_Jennifer-Chayes-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/jchayes\/\">Jennifer Chayes<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/michaelf\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"303\" height=\"303\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Michael_Freedman_2010-1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Freedman\" class=\"wp-image-1155675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Michael_Freedman_2010-1-1.jpg 303w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Michael_Freedman_2010-1-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Michael_Freedman_2010-1-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Michael_Freedman_2010-1-1-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/michaelf\/\">Michael Freedman<\/a> | 2025<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/gray\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Jim_Gray-TuringAward_360x360-5e6fe33de3543.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Jim Gray\" class=\"wp-image-643833\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Jim_Gray-TuringAward_360x360-5e6fe33de3543.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Jim_Gray-TuringAward_360x360-5e6fe33de3543-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Jim_Gray-TuringAward_360x360-5e6fe33de3543-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Jim_Gray-TuringAward_360x360-5e6fe33de3543-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/gray\/\">Jim Gray<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/anoop\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"362\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Anoop_Gupta_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Anoop Gupta\" class=\"wp-image-636543\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Anoop_Gupta_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Anoop_Gupta_360x360-298x300.jpg 298w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Anoop_Gupta_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Anoop_Gupta_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/anoop\/\">Anoop Gupta<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/heckerma\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/David-Heckerman_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: David Heckerman\" class=\"wp-image-639243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/David-Heckerman_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/David-Heckerman_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/David-Heckerman_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/David-Heckerman_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/heckerma\/\">David E. Heckerman<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/aherbert\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Andrew_Herbert_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Andrew Herbert\" class=\"wp-image-636606\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Andrew_Herbert_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Andrew_Herbert_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Andrew_Herbert_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Andrew_Herbert_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/aherbert\/\">Andrew J. Herbert<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/thoare\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Tony-Hoare_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Tony Hoare\" class=\"wp-image-733225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Tony-Hoare_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Tony-Hoare_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Tony-Hoare_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Tony-Hoare_360x360-12x12.jpg 12w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Tony-Hoare_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/thoare\/\">Tony Hoare<\/a> | 2021<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/hon\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Hsiao-Wuen-Hon.jpg\" alt=\"Hsiao-Wuen Hon\" class=\"wp-image-1155676\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Hsiao-Wuen-Hon.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Hsiao-Wuen-Hon-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Hsiao-Wuen-Hon-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Hsiao-Wuen-Hon-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/hon\/\">Hsiao-Wuen Hon<\/a> | 2025<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/karen-jensen\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Karen-Jensen_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Research Emeritus: Karen Jensen\" class=\"wp-image-648333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Karen-Jensen_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Karen-Jensen_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Karen-Jensen_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Karen-Jensen_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/karen-jensen\/\">Karen Jensen<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/kajiya\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Jim-Kajiya_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Jim Kajiya\" class=\"wp-image-638049\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Jim-Kajiya_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Jim-Kajiya_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Jim-Kajiya_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Jim-Kajiya_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/kajiya\/\">James T. Kajiya<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/lamport\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"393\" height=\"393\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/leslie.jpg\" alt=\"Leslie Lamport\" class=\"wp-image-1152502\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/leslie.jpg 393w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/leslie-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/leslie-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/leslie-180x180.jpg 180w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/leslie-360x360.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/lamport\/\">Leslie Lamport<\/a> | 2025<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/blampson\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"416\" height=\"416\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/BWL-StoryLabs-2018-04-709-square.jpg\" alt=\"Butler Lampson wearing glasses\" class=\"wp-image-609519\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/BWL-StoryLabs-2018-04-709-square.jpg 416w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/BWL-StoryLabs-2018-04-709-square-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/BWL-StoryLabs-2018-04-709-square-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/BWL-StoryLabs-2018-04-709-square-180x180.jpg 180w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/BWL-StoryLabs-2018-04-709-square-360x360.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 416px) 100vw, 416px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/blampson\/\">Butler Lampson<\/a> | 2025<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/roylevin\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Roy-Levin_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Roy Levin\" class=\"wp-image-643803\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Roy-Levin_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Roy-Levin_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Roy-Levin_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Roy-Levin_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/roylevin\/\">Roy Levin<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/danli\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Dan-Ling_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Daniel Ling\" class=\"wp-image-639246\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Dan-Ling_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Dan-Ling_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Dan-Ling_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Dan-Ling_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/danli\/\">Daniel T. Ling<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/malvar\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Rico_Malvar_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Rico Malvar wearing a blue shirt\" class=\"wp-image-558129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Rico_Malvar_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Rico_Malvar_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Rico_Malvar_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Rico_Malvar_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/malvar\/\">Henrique (Rico) Malvar<\/a> | 2023<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/nathan-myhrvold\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Nathan-Myhrvold_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Nathan Myhrvold\" class=\"wp-image-640260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Nathan-Myhrvold_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Nathan-Myhrvold_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Nathan-Myhrvold_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Nathan-Myhrvold_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/nathan-myhrvold\/\">Nathan P. Myhrvold<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/roger-needham\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Roger-Needham_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Roger Needham\" class=\"wp-image-643824\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Roger-Needham_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Roger-Needham_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Roger-Needham_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Roger-Needham_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/roger-needham\/\">Roger Needham<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/rashid\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Rick-Rashid_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Rick Rashid\" class=\"wp-image-643809\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Rick-Rashid_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Rick-Rashid_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Rick-Rashid_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Rick-Rashid_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/rashid\/\">Rick Rashid<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/hshum\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Harry-Shum_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of Harry Shum\" class=\"wp-image-733222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Harry-Shum_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Harry-Shum_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Harry-Shum_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Harry-Shum_360x360-12x12.jpg 12w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Harry-Shum_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/hshum\/\">Harry Shum<\/a> | 2021<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/burtons\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"280\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Burton-Smith_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Burton Smith\" class=\"wp-image-643797\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Burton-Smith_360x360.jpg 280w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Burton-Smith_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Burton-Smith_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/burtons\/\">Burton Smith<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/szeliski\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Rick-Szeliski_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Rick Szeliski\" class=\"wp-image-638058\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Rick-Szeliski_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Rick-Szeliski_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Rick-Szeliski_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Rick-Szeliski_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/szeliski\/\">Richard S. Szeliski<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/cthacker\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chuck-Thacker_360x360.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Emeritus: Charles (Chuck) P. Thacker\" class=\"wp-image-640257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chuck-Thacker_360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chuck-Thacker_360x360-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chuck-Thacker_360x360-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Chuck-Thacker_360x360-180x180.jpg 180w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/people\/cthacker\/\">Charles P. Thacker<\/a> | 2020<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Microsoft Research Emeritus title honors these researchers for their lasting and notable contributions with regards to expanding the state of the art, rapidly fielding innovations, and contributing deeply to the vibrancy and future of our organization and the world. P. Anandan | 2020 Gordon Bell | 2020 Andrew Blake | 2020 Christian Borgs | [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38127,"featured_media":627159,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"msr-url-field":"","msr-podcast-episode":"","msrModifiedDate":"","msrModifiedDateEnabled":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"_classifai_error":"","display-mode":"","msr-awa-site-section":"","footnotes":""},"msr-locale":[268875],"msr-post-option":[],"class_list":["post-625254","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","msr-locale-en_us"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/625254","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/38127"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=625254"}],"version-history":[{"count":118,"href":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/625254\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1155678,"href":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/625254\/revisions\/1155678"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/627159"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=625254"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"msr-locale","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/msr-locale?post=625254"},{"taxonomy":"msr-post-option","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/msr-post-option?post=625254"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}