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  1. Synchronizing Clocks in the Presence of Faults 

    January 1, 1985 | Leslie Lamport and P. M. Melliar-Smith

    Practical implementation of Byzantine agreement requires synchronized clocks. For an implementation to tolerate Byzantine faults, it needs a clock synchronization algorithm that can tolerate those faults. When I arrived at SRI, there was a general feeling that we could synchronize clocks by just having each…

  2. A Decidable Subclass of the Minimal Goedel Case with Identity 

    December 7, 1984 | W. D. Goldfarb, Yuri Gurevich, and Saharon Shelah

    The minimal Gddel class with identity (MGCI) is the class of closed, prenex quantificational formulas whose prefixes have the form Vx1 Vx2x3 and whose matrices contain arbitrary predicate letters and the identity sign " = ", but contain no function signs or individual constants. The…

  3. Buridan’s Principle 

    October 31, 1984 | Leslie Lamport

    I have observed that the arbiter problem, discussed in [22], occurs in daily life. Perhaps the most common example is when I find myself unable to decide for a fraction of a second whether to stop for a traffic light that just turned yellow or…

  4. On a “Theorem” of Peterson 

    October 10, 1984 | Leslie Lamport

    This three-page note gives an example that appears to contradict a theorem in a TOPLAS article by Gary Peterson. Whether or not it does depends on the interpretation of the statement of the theorem, which is given only informally in English. I draw the moral…

  5. A kernel language for modules and abstract data types 

    September 1, 1984 | Rod Burstall and Butler Lampson

    A small set of constructs can simulate a wide variety of apparently distinct features in modern programming languages. Using a kernel language called Pebble based on the typed lambda calculus with bindings, declarations, dependent types, and types as compile-time values, we show how to build…

  6. The Mechanical Manipulation of Randomly Oriented Parts 

    July 31, 1984 | Berthold K. P. Horn and Katsushi Ikeuchi

    C onsider the fine coordination between the eye and the hand of a young child who picks a cookie out of a jar. Although the cookies are roughly uniform in size and shape, the pile of cookies at the top of the jar is a…

  7. Constraints: A Uniform Approach to Aliasing and Typing 

    July 24, 1984 | Leslie Lamport and Fred B. Schneider

    My generalized Hoare logic requires reasoning about control predicates, using the at, in, and after predicates introduced in [47]. These are not independent predicates--for example, being after one statement is synonymous with being at the following statement. At some point, Schneider and I realized that…